Curcumin Hybrid Lipid Polymeric Nanoparticles: Antioxidant Activity, Immune Cellular Response, and Cytotoxicity Evaluation.

Poor solubility and short biological half-life present a challenge that needs to be overcome in order to improve the recognized bioactivities of curcumin (CUR), the main phenolic compounds derived from the roots of Curcuma longa. However, drug delivery systems have proven to be an excellent strategy to improve and obtain greater bioavailability. Our previous studies on curcuminoid hybrid nanoparticles have shown promising results by significantly increasing the solubility of desmethoxycurcumin (DMC) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDM). In this contribution, we performed a detailed characterization of a CUR as well as in vitro and in vivo studies. The developed method produced CUR loaded nanoparticles with an average size of 49.46 ± 0.80. Moreover, the FT-IR analysis confirmed the encapsulation, and TEM images showed their spherical shape. The NP achieved an encapsulation efficiency greater than 99%. Further, the release studies found that the NPs obtained a significantly higher release than the pure compounds in water. In vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) studies showed promising results by enhancing the immune activity response of CUR in NP compared to bulk CUR. Furthermore, we report a significant increase in antioxidant activity for CUR-NP in aqueous solution compared to free CUR. Finally, an important in vitro cytotoxic effect on gastric AGS and colon SW620 adenocarcinoma cell lines was found for CUR-NP while empty carrier nanoparticles are observed to exhibit low cytotoxicity, indicating the potential of these CUR-PLU NPs for further studies to assess their phytotherapeutic applications.

Hybrid Nanoparticles of Proanthocyanidins from Uncaria tomentosa Leaves: QTOF-ESI MS Characterization, Antioxidant Activity and Immune Cellular Response.

Previous studies in Uncaria tomentosa have shown promising results concerning the characterization of polyphenols with leaves yielding more diverse proanthocyanidins and higher bioactivities values. However, the polyphenols-microbiota interaction at the colonic level and their catabolites avoid the beneficial effects that can be exerted by this medicinal plant when consumed. In this regard, a new generation of hybrid nanoparticles has demonstrated improvements in natural compounds' activity by increasing their bioavailability. In this line, we report a detailed study of the characterization of a proanthocyanidin-enriched extract (PA-E) from U. tomentosa leaves from Costa Rica using UPLC-QTOF-ESI MS. Moreover, two types of hybrid nanoparticles, a polymeric-lipid (F-1) and a protein-lipid (F-2) loaded with PA-E were synthesized and their characterization was conducted by dynamic light scattering (DLS), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and encapsulation efficiency (%EE). In addition, in vitro release, antioxidant activity through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) as well as in vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction was evaluated. Results allowed the identification of 50 different compounds. The PA-E loaded nanoparticles F-1 and F-2 achieved encapsulation efficiency of ≥92%. The formulations exhibited porosity and spherical shapes with a size average of 26.1 ± 0.8 and 11.8 ± 3.3 nm for F-1 and F-2, respectively. PA-E increased its release rate from the nanoparticles compared to the free extract in water and antioxidant activity in an aqueous solution. In vivo, the delayed-type hypersensitive test shows the higher immune stimulation of the flavan-3-ols with higher molecular weight from U. tomentosa when administered as a nanoformulation, resulting in augmented antigen-specific responses. The present work constitutes to our knowledge, the first report on these bioactivities for proanthocyanidins from Uncaria tomentosa leaves when administrated by nanosystems, hence, enhancing the cellular response in mice, confirming their role in immune modulation.

Registro sanitario de medicamentos biológicos y biotecnológicos en América Latina / Marketing authorization of biologic and biotechnological products in Latin America

INTRODUCCIÓN: los medicamentos biológicos se definen como productos cuyos ingredientes activos son producidos por una fuente biológica, mientras que un producto biotecnológico se desarrollar a partir del aislamiento de un gen de interés y su clonación. MÉTODO: se realizó un estudio comparativo de las regulaciones vigentes a julio de 2020 relacionadas con medicamentos biológicos y biotecnológicos de los países de Centroamérica y el Caribe que actualmente disponen de un marco regulatorio para su registro, con respecto a aquellas de Chile y Brasil. RESULTADOS: existen diferencias relevantes en diversos aspectos. Dentro de la información general solicitada se encontraron variaciones para las definiciones de Autoridad Reguladora Estricta, producto biotecnológico, producto de referencia y producto innovador. También se hallaron divergencias para la información no clínica y clínica solicitada, y los programas de Farmacovigilancia. Para productos biosimilares se distinguieron particularidades referentes a su definición y la de ejercicio de biosimilitud, así como para aspectos propios de su utilización como lo son la extrapolación de indicaciones y la sustitución automática o intercambiabilidad. Finalmente, para su etiquetado se requiere mayor estudio por parte de las autoridades sanitarias. CONCLUSIONES: una vez realizada la revisión de la normativa respecto al registro sanitario de productos biológicos y biotecnológicos en nueve países de América Latina, se encontró que la información solicitada no se halla homologada

INTRODUCTION: biological products are defined as products whose active ingredients are produced by a biological source, while biotechnological medicine is developed from the isolation of a gene of interest and its cloning. METHOD: a comparative study was carried out of the regulations in force as of July 2020 related to biological and bio-technological drugs of the countries of Central America and the Caribbean that currently have a regulatory framework for their registration, with respect to those of Chile and Brazil. RESULTS: there are relevant differences in various aspects. Within the general information requested, variations were found for the definitions of Stringent Regulatory Authority, biotechnological product, reference product, and innovative product. Also, divergences were found for the non-clinical and clinical information requested and the Pharmacovigilance programs. For biosimilar products, particularities were distinguished regarding their definition and the exercise of biosimilarity, as well as for aspects of their use, such as the extrapolation of indications and automatic substitution or interchangeability. Finally, their labeling requires further study by the health regulatory authorities. CONCLUSIONS: after reviewing the regulations for the marketing authorization of biological and biotechnological products in nine Latin American countries, it was found that the requested information is not homologated

Immunotherapeutic Potential of Mollusk Hemocyanins in Combination with Human Vaccine Adjuvants in Murine Models of Oral Cancer.

Mollusk hemocyanins have been used for decades in immunological and clinical applications as natural, nontoxic, nonpathogenic, and nonspecific immunostimulants for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer, as carriers/adjuvants of tumor-associated antigens in cancer vaccine development and as adjuvants to dendritic cell-based immunotherapy, because these glycoproteins induce a bias towards Th1 immunity. Here, we analyzed the preclinical therapeutic potential of the traditional keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and two new hemocyanins from Concholepas concholepas (CCH) and Fissurella latimarginata (FLH) in mouse models of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Due to the aggressiveness and deadly malignant potential of this cancer, the hemocyanins were applied in combination with adjuvants, such as alum, AddaVax, and QS-21, which have been shown to be safe and effective in human vaccines, to potentiate their antitumor activity. The immunogenic performance of the hemocyanins in combination with the adjuvants was compared, and the best formulation was evaluated for its antitumor effects in two murine models of oral cancer: MOC7 cells implanted in the flank (heterotopic) and bioluminescent AT-84 E7 Luc cells implanted in the floor of the mouth (orthotopic). The results demonstrated that the hemocyanins in combination with QS-21 showed the greatest immunogenicity, as reflected by a robust, specific humoral response predominantly characterized by IgG2a antibodies and a sustained cellular response manifesting as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. The KLH- and FLH-QS-21 formulations showed reduced tumor development and greater overall survival. Hemocyanins, as opposed to QS-21, had no cytotoxic effect on either oral cancer cell line cultured in vitro, supporting the idea that the antitumor effects of hemocyanins are associated with their modulation of the immune response. Therefore, hemocyanin utilization would allow a lower QS-21 dosage to achieve therapeutic results. Overall, our study opens a new door to further investigation of the use of hemocyanins plus adjuvants for the development of immunotherapies against oral carcinoma.

Revisión de dosieres de heparina y enoxaparina: Incumplimiento de la normativa de Costa Rica para el registro sanitario de biosimilares farmacéuticos / Heparin and enoxaparin dossiers review: Non-compliance of the Costa Rican regulation for the sanitary registration of pharmaceutical biosimilars

Objetivo: Determinar los aspectos esenciales de la reglamentación de Costa Rica referente al registro sanitario de biosimilares y compararlos con la información brindada en los dosieres de laboratorios fabricantes de heparina y enoxaparina. Materiales y métodos: Se examinó el Reglamento de Inscripción y Control de Medicamentos Biológicos: RTCR 440:2010. Luego, se solicitaron los dosieres enviados por los laboratorios fabricantes y se comparó su información con respecto a los datos solicitados por el reglamento anterior. Finalmente, se evaluó la importancia de la información solicitada. Resultados: El RTCR 440:2010 solicita información química, farmacéutica y biológica del producto farmacéutico terminado, resultados sobre seguridad y eficacia, datos administrativos y documentación legal. Para los biosimilares, se debe presentar el ejercicio de biosimilitud y un plan de farmacovigilancia. Esta información no está presente en su totalidad en los dosieres revisados. Conclusiones: Los productos revisados no cumplen con los requisitos solicitados por el reglamento costarricense en lo que respecta al ejercicio de biosimilitud. Por ende, no fueron presentados para el trámite de sus registros sanitarios ante el Ministerio de Salud de Costa Rica

Objective: To determine the essential aspects of the Costa Rican regulation concerning the sanitary registration of biosimilars and to compare them with the information provided in the dossiers of laboratories manufacturing heparin and enoxaparin. Methodology: The regulation for the Registration and Control of Biological Drugs: RTCR 440: 2010 was reviewed. Subsequently, the dossiers sent by the manufacturers were requested, and their information was compared with the data requested by the previous regulation. Finally, the importance of this information was evaluated. Results: The national regulations require chemical, pharmaceutical and biological information on the finished pharmaceutical product, results on safety and efficacy, administrative data and legal documentation. For biosimilars, the biosimilitude exercise and a pharmacovigilance plan must be presented. This information is not available in its entirety in the reviewed dossiers. Conclusions: The products reviewed do not meet the requirements of the Costa Rican regulations regarding the biosimilitude exercise. Therefore, they were not submitted for their drugs' applications before the Ministry of Health of Costa Rica